Resultados de la cirugía de catarata en pacientes longevos / Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Long-lived Patients

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínico-quirúrgicos de la cirugía de catarata del primer ojo y su efecto en la calidad de vida de pacientes longevos. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación longitudinal prospectiva, del tipo series de casos en pacientes de 80 y más años de edad (longevos) sometidos a cirugía de catarata en un primer ojo con implante de lente intraocular. Se compararon los resultados visuales y la calidad de vida autopercibida, antes y después de la cirugía. Se identificaron las causas oculares en los casos con impedimento visual posoperatorio. Resultados: Se estudiaron 88 pacientes con una edad promedio de 87,97 años. Predominaron los pacientes femeninos (63,63 por ciento), de color de piel blanca (75 por ciento), con hipertensión arterial (61,36 por ciento) y diabetes mellitus (23,86 por ciento). El 18,18 por ciento tenía antecedentes oculares de glaucoma. Se utilizó la facoemulsificación en el 52,27 por ciento como técnica quirúrgica. El síndrome de iris fláccido intraoperatorio y la hipertensión ocular fueron las complicaciones intraoperatorias más frecuentes. El edema corneal predominó como complicación posquirúrgica (10,2 por ciento). La función visual (agudeza visual sin corrección y agudeza visual mejor corregida), así como la calidad de vida autopercibida mejoraron significativamente en el posoperatorio (p < 0,001). La degeneración macular asociada a la edad y la membrana epiretiniana fueron las principales causas, en ese orden, de impedimento visual posoperatorio. Conclusiones: La cirugía de catarata del primer ojo mejora la función visual y la calidad de vida autopercibida de pacientes longevos. La degeneración macular asociada a la edad es la principal causa del impedimento visual posoperatorio de estos pacientes(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical-surgical outcomes of cataract surgery of the first eye and its effect on quality of life in long-lived patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, case series type investigation was performed in patients 80 years of age and older (long-lived) who underwent first eye cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Visual outcomes and self-perceived quality of life before and after surgery were compared. Ocular causes were identified in cases with postoperative visual impairment. Results: We studied 88 patients with an average age of 87.97 years. Female patients predominated (63.63 percent), with white skin color (75 percent), with arterial hypertension (61.36 percent) and diabetes mellitus (23.86 percent). 18,18 percent had an ocular history of glaucoma. Phacoemulsification was used as a surgical technique in 52.27 percent. Intraoperative flaccid iris syndrome and ocular hypertension were the most frequent intraoperative complications. Corneal edema predominated as a postoperative complication (10.2 percent). Visual function (uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity) as well as self-perceived quality of life improved significantly postoperatively (p < 0.001). Age-related macular degeneration and epiretinal membrane were the main causes, in that order, of postoperative visual impairment. Conclusions: First eye cataract surgery improves visual function and self-perceived quality of life in long-lived patients. Age-related macular degeneration is the main cause of postoperative visual impairment in these patients(AU)

Assessment of vision-related quality of life and depression and anxiety rates in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To assess the vision-related quality of life and the depression and anxiety rates in patients with neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients with nAMD treated with intravitreal injections was performed. The patients completed two validated questionnaires: the Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25, score from 0 to 100), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Age, gender and visual acuity (VA) in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale was registered. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients with nAMD participated with a mean age of 80.9 ± 6.6 years-old (range 67-93) and a mean VA in the best eye of 73.5 ± 12.7 letters (range 44-95). The global VFQ-25 mean score was 57.4 ± 21.9 being 38.9 ± 13.2 for the general vision and 42.0 ± 19.5 for the general health. VA in the best eye was associated with the global score of the VFQ-25 scale (R = 0.608; P < .001), but no correlation was observed with general health (P = .936). In the HADS scale, 26.9% and 25.5% of patients had symptoms of depression and anxiety respectively. A negative correlation was found between the HADS and VFQ-25 scales for the general vision score (R = -0.438). CONCLUSION: This study elucidates the impact of vision impairment and the visual functioning in nAMD, describing an important rate of depression and anxiety symptoms.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida y la presencia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad neovascular / Assessment of vision-related quality of life and depression and anxiety rates in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Propósito Evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la visión, así como la presecia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en los pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad neovascular (DMAEn). Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal de pacientes con DMAEn en tratamiento con inyecciones intravítreas de antiangiogénicos. Los pacientes realizaron 2 cuestionarios validados: el cuestionario de función visual (VFQ-25, cuya puntuación varía de 0 a 100) y la Escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión (HADS). Se registraron la edad, el sexo y la agudeza visual (AV) en la escala Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Resultado Se incluyeron 55 pacientes con DMAEn con una edad de 80,9±6,6 años (rango 67 a 93) y una AV en el mejor ojo de 73,5±12,7 letras (rango 44 a 95). La puntuación global media en el VFQ-25 fue de 57,4±21,9, siendo 38,9±13,2 para la visión general y 42,0±19,5 para la salud general. La AV se correlacionó con la puntuación global de la escala VFQ-25 (R=0,608; p<0,001), pero no con la salud general (p=0,936). Mediante la escala HADS se detectó un 27,2% y un 25,5% de pacientes con síntomas de depresión y ansiedad respectivamente. Se observó una correlación negativa entre las puntuaciones del HADS y VFQ-25 para el dominio de visión general (R=–0,438). Conclusiones Este estudio muestra el impacto en la calidad de vida y función visual en los pacientes con DMAE neovascular, presentando en un porcentaje considerable de los casos síntomas de depresión y ansiedad (AU)

Purpose To assess the vision-related quality of life and the depression and anxiety rates in patients with neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD). Method A cross-sectional study of patients with nAMD treated with intravitreal injections was performed. The patients completed two validated questionnaires: the Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25, score from 0 to 100), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Age, gender and visual acuity (VA) in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale was registered. Result Fifty-five patients with nAMD participated with a mean age of 80.9±6.6 years-old (range 67 to 93) and a mean VA in the best eye of 73.5±12.7 letters (range 44 to 95). The global VFQ-25 mean score was 57.4±21.9 being 38.9±13.2 for the general vision and 42.0±19.5 for the general health. VA in the best eye was associated with the global score of the VFQ-25 scale (R=.608; P<.001), but no correlation was observed with general health (P=.936). In the HADS scale, 26.9% and 25.5% of patients had symptoms of depression and anxiety respectively. A negative correlation was found between the HADS and VFQ-25 scales for the general vision score (R=–0.438). Conclusions This study elucidates the impact of vision impairment and the visual functioning in nAMD, describing an important rate of depression and anxiety symptoms (AU)

Calidad de vida relativa a la función visual en pacientes operados de catarata / Vision-related quality of life of patients undergoing cataract surgery

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la calidad de vida relativa a la función visual en pacientes operados de catarata en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en el periodo enero a julio del año 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y longitudinal. Para esto fueron reclutados de manera consecutiva todos los pacientes que fueron tributarios de cirugía de catarata, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, atendidos en el periodo señalado. A estos se les aplicó el cuestionario NEI-VFQ-23 antes de la cirugía y al mes de realizada la intervención quirúrgica. Los resultados del cuestionario se correlacionaron con la edad, la agudeza visual y la presencia de complicaciones. Resultados: Se estudiaron 205 pacientes (410 ojos) con una edad promedio de 69,7 años. El 55,1 por ciento de los pacientes era del sexo femenino; el 67,3 por ciento presentaba algún tipo de co-morbilidad sistémica y el 23,4 por ciento presentó algún antecedente de enfermedad y/o cirugía ocular. La agudeza visual mejoró en el posoperatorio. La calidad de vida relativa a la función visual es notablemente superior después de la cirugía de catarata, y estos resultados varían según la edad, la presencia de comorbilidades sistémicas y los antecedentes oculares. Este estudio es clínico y estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: La cirugía de catarata mejora significativamente la calidad de vida relativa a la función visual de los pacientes(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the vision-related quality of life of patients undergoing cataract surgery at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January to July 2017. Methods: A prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted based on consecutive recruitment of all the patients undergoing cataract surgery in the study period who met the inclusion criteria. The NEI-VFQ-23 questionnaire was applied to all participant patients before the operation and one month after surgery. Results of the questionnaire were correlated with age, visual acuity and the presence of complications. Results: The study sample was 205 patients (410 eyes); mean age was 69.7 years. 55.1 percent of the patients were female; 67.3 percent presented some sort of systemic comorbidity; and 23,4 percent had a history of disease and/or eye surgery. Visual acuity improved during the postoperative period. Vision-related quality of life is notably better after cataract surgery. These results vary according to age, the presence of systemic comorbidities and ocular antecedents. The study is clinically and statistically significant. Conclusions: Cataract surgery significantly improves the vision-related quality of life of patients(AU)

Modificaciones de la función visual y calidad de vida en pacientes operados de catarata / Modifications of the visual function and life quality in cataract operated patients

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 250 pacientes operados de catarata senil en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2015 hasta febrero de 2017, para determinar la existencia de modificaciones en la función visual y calidad de vida de los afectados. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, agudeza visual mejor corregida, visión de colores, sensibilidad al contraste, evaluación funcional y calidad de vida antes y después de la cirugía. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa como medidas de resumen, así como las pruebas de Ji al cuadrado de independencia y homogeneidad, para identificar la asociación estadísticamente significativa. Predominaron el sexo masculino y las edades de 70 a 79 años. La función visual mejoró significativamente después de la cirugía, lo que proporcionó una mejor calidad de vida al elevar la capacidad funcional, independencia y autonomía de estos ancianos(AU)

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 250 operated patients due to senile cataract was carried out in the Ophthalmological Center in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2015 to February, 2017 to determine the existence of modifications in the visual function and life quality of those affected patients. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, best corrected visual acuity, colors vision, sensibility to contrast, functional evaluation and life quality before and after surgery. Absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures, as well as Chi-squared test of independence and homogeneity, to identify the statistically significant association. The male sex and the ages from 70 to 79 years prevailed. The visual function improved significantly after the surgery, what provided a better life quality, elevating the functional capacity, independence and autonomy of these aged patients(AU)

Modificaciones de la función visual y calidad de vida en pacientes operados de catarata / Modifications of the visual function and life quality in cataract operated patients

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 250 pacientes operados de catarata senil en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2015 hasta febrero de 2017, para determinar la existencia de modificaciones en la función visual y calidad de vida de los afectados. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, agudeza visual mejor corregida, visión de colores, sensibilidad al contraste, evaluación funcional y calidad de vida antes y después de la cirugía. Se utilizaron las frecuencias absoluta y relativa como medidas de resumen, así como las pruebas de Ji al cuadrado de independencia y homogeneidad, para identificar la asociación estadísticamente significativa. Predominaron el sexo masculino y las edades de 70 a 79 años. La función visual mejoró significativamente después de la cirugía, lo que proporcionó una mejor calidad de vida al elevar la capacidad funcional, independencia y autonomía de estos ancianos.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 250 operated patients due to senile cataract was carried out in the Ophthalmological Center in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2015 to February, 2017 to determine the existence of modifications in the visual function and life quality of those affected patients. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, best corrected visual acuity, colors vision, sensibility to contrast, functional evaluation and life quality before and after surgery. Absolute and relative frequencies were used as summary measures, as well as Chi-squared test of independence and homogeneity, to identify the statistically significant association. The male sex and the ages from 70 to 79 years prevailed. The visual function improved significantly after the surgery, what provided a better life quality, elevating the functional capacity, independence and autonomy of these aged patients.

Quality of life and visual function in children with glaucoma in Spain. / Estudio de la calidad de vida y la función visual en niños con glaucoma en España.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of glaucoma on visual function, as well as quality of life in children and quality of life perceived by caregivers in children up to 16 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational and prospective study was designed using the questionnaire GQL-15 (Glaucoma Quality of Life) and conducted on children and caregivers. The questionnaire VFQ-25 (Visual Functioning Questionnaire) was conducted on children. Different variables of the clinical history that could influence the quality of life and visual function were recorded. RESULTS: The study included 24 patients with a mean age of 9.13±3.08 years, and included 3 with unilateral involvement, and 20 diagnosed with primary congenital glaucoma. Parents reported a worse quality of life than children. The result of the GQL-15 survey was 32.3±11.56 points in children and 37.52±14.59 points in caregivers (P=.001). The parameter most related to quality of life and visual function was the mean deviation (MD) of the visual field in the best eye. A statistically significant correlation was found between the result of GQL-15 and the mean deviation of the visual field (children: R=0.63, P<.01, caregivers: R=0.81, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Functional loss has an impact on the quality of life and visual function in children with glaucoma, although the quality of life perceived by the caregivers is worse than that perceived by the child.

Comparison of macular retinal sensitivity and its contribution to the foveal sensitivity between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with normal visual acuity.

PURPOSE: To compare the retinal sensitivity and evaluate its contribution to the foveal sensitivity in patients with and without diabetes who maintain normal visual acuity. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study in 20 subjects without diabetes (group 1) and 23 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (group 2) that had no ocular abnormalities. Retinal sensitivity was measured with the macular threshold test by the Humphrey's computerized perimeter. The mean sensitivity in each of the 16 points and the foveal sensitivity were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney's U test; the correlation between retinal sensitivity and foveal sensitivity was analyzed by the Spearman's test and the contribution of each point to the foveal sensitivity was identified by multiple regression. RESULTS: Sixty eyes were evaluated, 30 in group 1 and 30 in group 2; the mean foveal sensitivity was 34.77±0.5dB in group 1 and 32.87±0.6 in group 2. The highest sensitivity of the temporal visual field had an inferior paracentral location (point 3) in both groups. In the linear regression analysis, points which contributed to the foveal sensitivity were 1 in group 1 and points 7 and 15 in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects without diabetes have a significantly higher sensitivity in the temporal retina compared with those with diabetes; points with highest mean retinal sensitivity do not correspond to the central four. The reduced sensitivity in point 1 decreases the mean foveal sensitivity in subjects with diabetes, because this variable correlates with lower perimetry points.

Longitudinal study of visual function in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with and without a history of optic neuritis. / Estudio longitudinal de la función visual en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente-recurrente con y sin antecedentes de neuritis óptica.

INTRODUCTION: The contrast sensitivity test determines the quality of visual function in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study is to analyse changes in visual function in patients with relapsing-remitting MS with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON). METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal study including 61 patients classified into 3 groups as follows: a) disease-free patients (control group); b) patients with MS and no history of ON; and c) patients with MS and a history of unilateral ON. All patients underwent baseline and 6-year follow-up ophthalmologic examinations, which included visual acuity and monocular and binocular Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity tests. RESULTS: Monocular contrast sensitivity was significantly lower in MS patients with and without a history of ON than in controls both at baseline (P=.00 and P=.01, respectively) and at 6 years (P=.01 and P=.02). Patients with MS and no history of ON remained stable throughout follow-up whereas those with a history of ON displayed a significant loss of contrast sensitivity (P=.01). Visual acuity and binocular contrast sensitivity at baseline and at 6 years was significantly lower in the group of patients with a history of ON than in the control group (P=.003 and P=.002 vs P=.006 and P=.005) and the group with no history of ON (P=.04 and P=.038 vs P=.008 and P=.01). However, no significant differences were found in follow-up results (P=.1 and P=.5). CONCLUSIONS: Monocular Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test may be used to detect changes in visual function in patients with ON.

Calidad de vida relativa a la visión según estudios psicofísicos en pacientes hipermétropes con cirugía facorrefractiva / Quality of life relative to the vision according to psychophysical studies in hyperopic patients undergoing phaco-refractive surgery

Objetivo: describir los resultados de la calidad visual para la mejoría de la discriminación cromática, así como la estereopsia y la sensibilidad al contraste, posterior a la cirugía facorrefractiva en pacientes hipermétropes mayores de 40 años, y si la mejoría visual es sustancial en los parámetros de función visual según estudios psicofísicos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo a 70 pacientes operados en el período de enero a diciembre del año 2016, hipermétropes présbitas con buena visión corregida, atendidos en el Servicio de Microcirugía del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", quienes mostraron mejoría subjetiva en su calidad de vida al disminuir la dependencia de los espejuelos. Se realizó un estudio de sensibilidad al contraste con la cartilla de Pelli-Robson; discriminación cromática con la prueba de Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue y estereopsia a través de la prueba de The Netherlands Organization. Resultados: hubo una mejoría significativa en todos los exámenes realizados. La sensibilidad al contraste pasó de una media en el prequirúrgico de 1,44 cd/m2 a 1,56 cd/m2 en el posquirúrgico. La prueba FMH-100 mejoró cuantitativa y cualitativamente (de 142,06 errores en el pre, bajó a 52,91 en la poscirugía); predominaron discriminadores promedios con 50 pacientes y 13 altos discriminadores; mejoró la estereopsia con y sin cristales después de la cirugía, lo que pudo cuantificarse. Conclusiones: hay una mejoría objetiva de la calidad visual después de la lensectomía refractiva en el paciente hipermétrope, demostrada en los resultados de la discriminación cromática, la estereopsia y la sensibilidad al contraste(AU)

Objective: describe visual quality results related to improved chromatic discrimination, stereopsis and contrast sensitivity after phaco-refractive surgery in hyperopic patients aged over 40 years, and determine whether substantial visual improvement is achieved in visual function parameters according to psychophysical studies. Methods: a prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of 70 presbyopic hyperopic patients with good corrected vision undergoing surgery from January to December 2016 at the Microsurgery Service of "Ramón Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology, who experienced subjective quality of life improvement on reducing their dependence on eyeglasses. Contrast sensitivity was evaluated with the Pelli-Robson chart, chromatic discrimination with the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test and stereopsis with The Netherlands Organization test. Results: significant improvement was observed in all the tests performed. Contrast sensitivity rose from a preoperative mean of 1.44 cd/m2 to 1.56 cd/m2 in the postoperative period. Results of the FMH-100 test improved both quantitatively and qualitatively (from 142.06 errors in the preoperative period to 52.91 in the postoperative period); average discriminators prevailed with 50 patients and 13 high discriminators; stereopsis improved after surgery with and without glasses, which could be quantified. Conclusions: objective quality of life improvement is observed in hyperopic patients after refractive lensectomy, as is evidenced by chromatic discrimination, stereopsis and contrast sensitivity results(AU)

Update on visual function and choroidal-retinal thickness alterations in Parkinson's disease. / Actualización sobre alteraciones de función visual y espesores coriorretinianos en la enfermedad de Parkinson.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative process that affects 7.5 million people around the world. Since 2004, several studies have demonstrated changes in various retinal layers in PD using optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, there are some discrepancies in the results of those studies. Some of them have correlated retinal thickness with the severity or duration of the disease, demonstrating that OCT measurements may be an innocuous and easy biomarker for PD progression. Other studies have demonstrated visual dysfunctions since early phases of the disease. Lastly, the most recent studies that use Swept Source OCT technology, have found choroidal thickness increase in PD patients and provide new information related to the retinal degenerative process in this disease. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on OCT and PD, in order to determine the altered retinal and choroidal parameters in PD and their possible clinical usefulness, and also the visual dysfunctions with higher impact in these patients.

Visual function among commercial vehicle drivers in the central region of Ghana.

AIM: To determine the relationship between some visual functions: colour vision defects, abnormal stereopsis, visual acuity and the occurrence of road traffic accident (RTAs) among commercial vehicle drivers in the central region of Ghana, and to assess their knowledge of these anomalies. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study employing a multi-stage random sampling approach was conducted in the major commercial towns within the central region of Ghana. Participants were taken through a comprehensive eye examination after the administration of a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 520 male commercial vehicle drivers were enrolled for this study with a mean age of 39.23 years ±10.96 years and mean visual acuity of 0.02±0.08 logMAR. Protans were more likely to be involved in RTAs (χ(2)=6.194, p=0.034). However, there was no statistically significant association between abnormal stereopsis (OR=0.89 95% CI: 0.44-1.80, p=0.56), poor vision due to refractive error (χ(2)=3.090, p=0.388) and the occurrence of RTAs. While 86.9% were aware of abnormal stereopsis, only 45% were aware of colour vision defects. There was a statistically significant association between stereopsis anomaly and colour vision defect (r=0.371, p<0.005). CONCLUSION: The study found an association between protanopia and RTAs but none between stereopsis anomalies, refractive errors and the occurrence of RTAs. Drivers were less knowledgeable on colour vision defects as compared to stereopsis anomalies.

Visual function and color vision in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

PURPOSE: Color vision and self-reported visual function in everyday life in young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were investigated. METHOD: Participants were 30 young adults with ADHD and 30 controls matched for age and gender. They were tested individually and completed the Visual Activities Questionnaire (VAQ), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT). RESULTS: The ADHD group reported significantly more problems in 4 of 8 areas on the VAQ: depth perception, peripheral vision, visual search and visual processing speed. Further analyses of VAQ items revealed that the ADHD group endorsed more visual problems associated with driving than controls. Color perception difficulties on the FMT were restricted to the blue spectrum in the ADHD group. FMT and AQT results revealed slower processing of visual stimuli in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive investigation of mechanisms underlying visual function and color vision in adults with ADHD is warranted, along with the potential impact of these visual problems on driving performance.

[Uncorrected visual function after cataract surgery]. / Función visual sin corrección óptica tras cirugía de cataratas.

PURPOSE: To study the relationship between refraction after cataract surgery and the use of spectacles in patients older than 65 years. METHODS: Retrospective case control study. The study included 40 retired subjects older than 65 years-old who fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Clinical ophthalmic and optical information was collected, and patients were requested to complete a validated questionnaire of visual function (VF14) and a test of independence of spectacles. The difference between VF14 test results with and without glasses (difVF14) was calculated. RESULTS: The study included 16 men and 24 women, with a mean age of 74 years. There was a significant correlation between difVF14 and postoperative refraction, with lower difVF14 values associated with postsurgical refraction in the range -0.50 to -1.00 D (OD 0.479 [95% CI; 0.286-0.804]). The questionnaire of independency of lenses did not show significant correlation with postoperative refraction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with postsurgical refraction between -0.50 and -1.00 diopters displayed better visual function without glasses than those with refraction out of that range. Neutral distant refraction and positive lenses for near vision might not be the ideal solution for every patient. Postsurgical refraction should be individualized for each patient according to their personal preferences, in order to achieve the best visual function and the best vision-related quality of life.

Valores de normalidad de sensibilidad al contraste en niños entre cuatro y siete años de la localidad de Chapinero, Bogotá / Normal values of contrast sensitivity in children between four and seven years in the locality of Chapinero in Bogota

Las pruebas de sensibilidad al contraste (sc) son una poderosa herramienta para determinar la capacidad visual. Es importante conocer el desarrollo de esta función y tener parámetros precisos para el diagnóstico temprano de alteraciones. Objetivo: determinar los valores de normalidad para sc con el Functional Acuity Contrast Test (fact) en niños entre cuatro y siete años de la localidad de Chapinero en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal con 280 ojos. Se organizaron dos grupos: grupo 1, entre cuatro y cinco años, y grupo 2, entre seis y siete años, valorando contraste con el fact para las diferentes frecuencias espaciales. Resultados: los valores de sc se determinaron con la mediana, rango intercuartílico y prueba estadística U de Mann Whitney, lo cual reveló que no hay diferencias significativas para ninguna de las frecuencias espaciales. Los rangos de normalidad hallados para la frecuencia A se encontraron entre seis y siete; para la B entre cinco y siete; para la C entre cinco y siete; para la D entre cuatro y siete, y para la E entre cinco y siete. Al comparar los rangos para los dos grupos, se observa que no hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de frecuencias. Conclusiones: los rangos y mediana para cada una de las frecuencias estaban dentro de los rangos esperados para el test; se observó que existían diferencias en el desarrollo de la sc entre los grupos A y B, con mayor amplitud en el de mayor edad.

The contrast sensitivity tests (cs) are a powerful toll for determining the vision capability. It is important to know the development of this function and have precise parameters for the early diagnosis of abnormalities. Objective: To determine normal values for sc with the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (fact) in children between four and seven years in the locality of Chapinero in Bogota. Materials and methods: An observational cross sectional study was performed with 280 eyes. They were classified into two groups: Group 1, four to five years of age, and group 2, six to seven years of age, valuing contrast with fact for the different spatial frequencies. Results: cs values were determined with the average, interquartile range and the statistical test U from Mann Whitney, which revealed no significant differences for any of the spatial frequencies. The normal range found for frequency A were between six and seven; for frequency B, between five and seven; for frequency C, between five and seven; for the frequency D, between four and seven; and for the frequency D, between five and seven. Comparing the ranges for both groups, there were no statistically significant differences in most frequencies. Conclusions: The range and average for each of the frequencies were within expected ranges for the test; it was observed that there were differences in the development of cs between groups A and B, with a wider amplitude for the oldest.

Determinación de los cambios en la función de sensibilidad al contraste posterior a la terapia visualen pacientes con diagnóstico de ambliopía refractiva / Determination of changes in the sensitivity contrast function following

Introducción: se ha descrito que la sensibilidad al contraste se ve afectada en ojos ambliopes y que mejora luego de la terapia visual. Objetivo: determinar los cambios en la función visual de sensibilidad al contraste posterior a terapia en niños con diagnóstico de ambliopía refractiva. Materialesy métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en una muestra de veintiún pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los cinco y quince años del Centro de Especialización Optométrica (CEO) en Pamplona, España. Se incluyeron historias clínicas con diagnóstico de ambliopía refractiva que asistieron al CEO durante el 2007 al 2009. Resultados: la agudeza visual presentó cambios estadísticamente significativos en visión lejana (p < 0,05) y la sensibilidad al contraste en las frecuencias espaciales de seis (p < 0,05) y doce ciclos por minuto (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: se encontraron cambios en dos de los factores que evalúan la función visual incluidos en este estudio (agudeza visual y sensibilidad al contraste), entre el momento previo y posterior a la terapiade entrenamiento visual.

Introduction: It has been reported that contrast sensitivity is impaired in amblyopic eyes and that it improves after visual therapy. Objective: To determine the changes in the contrast sensitivity function after therapy in children diagnosed with refractive amblyopia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in a sample of 21 patients between the ages 5 and 15, from the Centro de Especialización Optométrica (CEO) in Pamplona, Spain. Medical records were included of patients diagnosed with refractive amblyopia who frequented the CEO from 2007 to 2009. Results: Visual acuity showed statistically significant changes in distance vision (p <0.05) and contrast sensitivity at a spatial frequency of 6 (p <0.05) and 12 cycles per minute (p <0.05).Conclusions: Changes were found in two of the factors that evaluate visual function included in this study (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) before and after visual training therapy.

Alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática / Neuro-opththalmologic alterations in patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en 80 pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática en el Instituto de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período 2006-2010, con énfasis en manifestaciones clínicas, examen físico y evaluación del disco por tomografía de coherencia óptica. RESULTADOS: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática se presentó en el 61 por ciento de mujeres entre 15 y 40 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes fueron cefalea, oscurecimientos visuales transitorios y diplopía. El examen físico mostró papiledema en todos los pacientes, afectación campimétrica en 87 por ciento y alteraciones del contraste en 79 por ciento, relacionados con el tiempo de evolución. La tomografía de coherencia óptica fue útil para diagnóstico y seguimiento de los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática produce daño funcional visual irreversible en pacientes diagnosticados tardíamente

OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of neuro-ophthalmologic alterations of this entity. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 80 patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension seen in the Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from 2006 to 2020 emphasizing the clinical manifestations, the physical examination and the assessment of disk by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension was present in the 61 percent of women aged between 15 and 40. The predominant clinical manifestations were headache, transient visual darkening and diplopia. The physical examination showed the presence of papilledema in all patients, campimetry affection in the 87 percent and contrast alterations in the 79 percent related to course time. The optical coherence tomography was useful for diagnosis and follow-up of the study cases. CONCLUSIONS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension produces a visual functional damage irreversible in patients diagnosed in a late way

Alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática / Neuro-opththalmologic alterations in patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las alteraciones neuroftalmológicas en pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en 80 pacientes con hipertensión endocraneana idiopática en el Instituto de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período 2006-2010, con énfasis en manifestaciones clínicas, examen físico y evaluación del disco por tomografía de coherencia óptica. RESULTADOS: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática se presentó en el 61 por ciento de mujeres entre 15 y 40 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas predominantes fueron cefalea, oscurecimientos visuales transitorios y diplopía. El examen físico mostró papiledema en todos los pacientes, afectación campimétrica en 87 por ciento y alteraciones del contraste en 79 por ciento, relacionados con el tiempo de evolución. La tomografía de coherencia óptica fue útil para diagnóstico y seguimiento de los casos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: La hipertensión endocraneana idiopática produce daño funcional visual irreversible en pacientes diagnosticados tardíamente(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of neuro-ophthalmologic alterations of this entity. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 80 patients diagnosed with idiopathic endocranial hypertension seen in the Ramon Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from 2006 to 2020 emphasizing the clinical manifestations, the physical examination and the assessment of disk by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension was present in the 61 percent of women aged between 15 and 40. The predominant clinical manifestations were headache, transient visual darkening and diplopia. The physical examination showed the presence of papilledema in all patients, campimetry affection in the 87 percent and contrast alterations in the 79 percent related to course time. The optical coherence tomography was useful for diagnosis and follow-up of the study cases. CONCLUSIONS: The idiopathic endocranial hypertension produces a visual functional damage irreversible in patients diagnosed in a late way(AU)

Mecanismo de acción local de la ozonoterapia y su combinación con el campo magnético en pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto estadio inicial / Mechanism of local action of ozone therapy and its combination with the magnetic field in patients with initial stage primary open-angle glaucoma

En 1989 en el Hospital Carlos J. Finlay se iniciaron estudios en la aplicación del ozono y campo electromagnético en la rehabilitación del paciente portador de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto con el objetivo de disminuir la presión intraocular y mejorar la función visual y nerviosa deteriorada. Teniendo en cuenta que los resultados obtenidos estuvieron dirigidos fundamentalmente a las alteraciones en la hemodinamia ocular se propuso con este trabajo estudiar el mecanismo de acción de estas técnicas en la hidrodinamia ocular. Se estudiaron 220 pacientes (308 ojos) portadores de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto estadio inicial, donde se evaluó la función visual y la hidrodinamia ocular. Los resultados en la función visual plantean mejoría en la agudeza visual de un 68 % en los casos tratados con ozono y de un 92 % en la terapia combinada. El campo visual mejoró en el 100 % de los casos. En la hidrodinamia ocular se observó mejoría en ambos esquemas de tratamiento. No hubo variación biológica en los valores de C y F en los esquemas terapéuticos empleados cuando los parámetros hidrodinámicos iniciales fueron normales. La respuesta en la hidrodinamia ocular con las técnicas empleadas fue satisfactoria tanto con el empleo de tratamiento local o sin él. Estas técnicas deben aplicarse en estadio latente de la enfermedad cuando aún no existan manifestaciones clínicas evidentes y no sea necesario el tratamiento local.

Studies on the application of ozone and electromagnetic field in the rehabilitation of the patient carrier of primary open-angle glaucoma were started at "Carlos J. Finlay" Hospital in 1989 aimed at reducing the intraocular pressure and improving the deteriorated visual and nervous function. Taking into account that the results obtained were mainly directed to the alterations in the ocular hemodynamics, we proposed ourselves with this paper to study the mechanism of action of these techniques in the ocular hydrodynamics. 220 patients (308 eyes) carriers of initial stage primary open angle glaucoma were studied. Visual function and ocular hydrodynamics were evaluated among them. The results attained in the visual function showed an improvement of visual acuity of 68 % in the cases treated with ozone, and of 92 % in the combination therapy. The visual field improved in 100 % of the cases. In ocular hydrodynamics, it was observed improvement in both treatment schemes. There was no biological variation in the values of C and F in the therapeutic schemes used when the initial hydrodynamic parameters were normal. The response in the ocular hydrodynamics to the techniques used was satisfactory with local treatment, or without it. These techniques should be applied in the latent stage of the disease even when there are no evident clinical manifestations and the local treatment is not necessary.